Energy-Efficient High-Voltage Boosting Techniques for Electric Vehicles Using Multiphase Interleaved Soft-Switching Converters

Abstract

Because coal and petrol have stricter emission regulations, the automobile industry is seeing an increase in the use of fuel cell electric automobiles or FCEVs. In this architecture, a 1.26 kW artificial network-based predominant feature presenting tracking (MPPT) controllers is suggested as a means of improving these vehicles\' performance. Using a DC-to-DC energy conversion unit, this controller is made to maximise the surface transmembrane of a proton exchange membranes fuel cell (PEMFC), supplying electricity for electric cars. The suggested MPPT guarantees effective energy conversion by utilising maximal power point tracker (MPP) and radial basis functions network (RBFN). High switching frequencies and effective DC conversion are necessary for FCEVs to continue operating. In order to accomplish this, the FCEV system integrates a three-phase alternative energy converter (IBC). Alternating voltage is used in semiconductor electrical circuits to provide voltage control. Using a MATLAB/Simulink platform, the end-to-end RBFN of the FCEV system is when juxtaposed with fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) to assess its efficiency.

Introduction

This paper focuses on the development of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) system using a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), advanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control, and a high-voltage gain Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC). Due to environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels, electric vehicles powered by fuel cells have gained significant attention because they provide clean energy, high efficiency, low noise, and reduced emissions.

Among different fuel cell technologies, PEMFCs are preferred for automotive applications because of their fast startup capability, low operating temperature, and efficient performance in varying conditions. FCEVs use hydrogen stored in tanks to generate electricity through fuel cells, producing only water as a by-product. They also support regenerative braking and provide longer driving ranges compared with conventional battery-only vehicles.

The paper discusses the limitations of traditional FCEV power systems, where the low and unstable DC output voltage from the PEMFC requires a DC-DC boost converter. Conventional boost converters and two-stage conversion systems suffer from lower efficiency, high cost, reliability issues, and increased complexity. To overcome these problems, the proposed system introduces a three-phase high-voltage gain Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC).

The proposed FCEV architecture consists of:

• A 1.26 kW PEMFC power source
• Three-phase IBC for voltage enhancement
• Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
• Brushless DC (BLDC) motor
• Neural network-based MPPT controller using Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN)

The RBFN-based MPPT controller improves fuel cell power extraction by continuously tracking the maximum available power under changing operating conditions. Compared with traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic controllers, the proposed method provides better efficiency, reduced switching losses, improved voltage gain, and enhanced system reliability.

The fuel cell modeling considers electrochemical characteristics such as:

• Activation voltage losses
• Ohmic losses
• Hydrogen and oxygen pressure effects
• Temperature variations

The proposed three-phase IBC improves voltage conversion by using multiple switching stages, reducing current stress and increasing power transfer efficiency. The system was evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations under different fuel cell temperatures.

Simulation results show that:

• The PEMFC successfully adapts to temperature variations.
• The RBFN-based MPPT controller provides higher DC-link power output compared with conventional controllers.
• The system generates improved voltage and power performance.
• The BLDC motor maintains stable operation with varying speed conditions.

Conclusion

This study presents a high-gain DC for direct current (DC) with three phases of power that was specifically designed for fuel cell powered electric cars. (FCEV) software applications. Its main objectives are to reduce fuel cell current-injection implications and voltage stress for electricity semiconductor products switches. A membrane-based fuel-cell technology (PEMFC) system with a 1.26 kW proton transfer capacity is one of the configurations that is included. In particular, a Radial Basis pragmatic Network (RBFN)-based maximum power point the tracking system (MPPT) system has been created. This MPPT technique optimises fuel cell production of power at various operating temperatures. We present an analysis and comparisons of the conventional Fuzzy Logic The control unit (FLC) the MPPT controller and the proposed RBFN-based MPPT controller. The simulation results demonstrate the RBFN-based MPPT device controller outperforms its FLC equivalent in terms of evaluation the maximum power limit more quickly and accurately. Numerous performance parameters for a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor are also examined in the study, such as electromagnetic torque, speed, and the return electromotive force (EMF), across a range of operating settings that correlate to varied fuel cell system temperatures.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Mr. Pratik Murkute , Prof. Shiwani Rasekar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.